Behold her, single in the field,
Yon solitary Highland Lass !
Reaping and singing by herself ;
Stop here, or gently pass !
Alone she cuts and binds the grain,
And sings a melancholy strain ;
O listen ! for the vale profound
Is overflowing with the sound.
No nightingale did ever chant
More welcome notes to weary bands
Of Travellers in some shady haunt,
Among Arabian sands :
A voice so thrilling ne’er was heard
In spring-time from the cuckoo-bird,
Breaking the silence of the seas
Among the farthest Hebrides.
Will no one tell me what she sings ? –
Perhaps the plaintive numbers flow
For old, unhappy, far-off things,
And battles long ago :
Or is it some more humble lay,
Familiar matter of to-day ?
Some natural sorry, loss, or pain,
That has been, and may be again ?
Whate’er the theme, the maiden sang
As if her song could have no ending ;
I saw her singing at her work,
And o’er the sickle bending ; –
I listened, motionless and still ;
And, as I mounted up the hill,
The music in my heart I bore,
Long after it was heard no more.
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Word meanings
Highland Lass : A girl who lives in the highlands of (mountain regions) of Scotland
Reaping : Cutting down and gathering a crop such as corn or rice
Melancholy strain : Sad song
Vale profound : Deep valley
Arabian sands : The deserts of Arabia(the Middle East)
Farthest Hebrides : the most remote group of islands that lie to the north-west of Scotland
plaintive numbers : Sad music
Humble lay : Ordinary song
Sickle : A tool for cutting grass and grain crops.It has a short handle and a blade shaped like a hook.
About the poet
born April 7, 1770, Cockermouth, Cumberland, Eng.
died April 23, 1850, Rydal Mount, Westmorland
major English Romantic poet and poet laureate of England (1843–50). His Lyrical Ballads (1798), written with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped launch the English Romantic movement.
Wordsworth was born in the Lake District of northern England, the second of five children of a modestly prosperous estate manager. He lost his mother when he was 7 and his father when he was 13, upon which the orphan boys were sent off by guardian uncles to a grammar school at Hawkshead, a village in the heart of the Lake District. At Hawkshead Wordsworth received an excellent education in classics, literature, and mathematics, but the chief advantage to him there was the chance to indulge in the boyhood pleasures of living and playing in the outdoors.For more ...
Athletics also called track-and-field sports or track and field a variety of competitions in running, walking, jumping, and throwing events. Although these contests are called track and field (or simply track) in the United States, they are generally designated as athletics elsewhere. This article covers the history, the organization, and the administration of the sports, the conduct of competitions, the rules and techniques of the individual events, and some of the sports' most prominent athletes.
Track-and-field athletics are the oldest forms of organized sport, having developed out of the most basic human activities—running, walking, jumping, and throwing. Athletics have become the most truly international of sports, with nearly every country in the world engaging in some form of competition. Most nations send teams of men and women to the quadrennial Olympic Games and to the official World Championships of track and field. There also are several continental and intercontinental championship meets held, including the European, Commonwealth, African, Pan-American, and Asian.
Within the broad title of athletics come as many as two dozen distinct events. These events, generally held outdoors, make up a meet. The outdoor running events are held on a 400-meter or 440-yard oval track, and field events (jumping and throwing) either inside the track's perimeter or in adjacent areas.
In many parts of the world, notably the United States, Canada, and Europe,the sport moves indoors during the winter; because of limited space, some events are modified and several are eliminated altogether.
Also within the general scope of track-and-field athletics come separate but related competitions that are not contested on the track. Cross-country running competition is carried out on various types of countryside and parkland. Marathons and races of other long distances are run on roads, and the long-distance race walks are contested on measured road courses. The rules followed by all organized competitions are established and enforced by the International Amateur Athletic Federation (IAAF) and its member body from each nation. The IAAF also ratifies all world records.
History
Origin and early development
There is little in the way of definitive records of athletics' early days as organized sport. Egyptian and Asian civilizations are known to have encouraged athletics many centuries before the Christian era. Perhaps as early as 1829 BC, Ireland was the scene of the Lugnasad festival's Tailteann Games, involving various forms of track-and-field activity. The Olympic Games of Greece, traditionally dated from 776 BC, continued through 11 centuries before ending about AD 393. These ancient Olympics were strictly male affairs, as to both participants and spectators. Greek women were reputed to have formed their own Heraea Games, which, like the Olympics, were held every four years.
Athletics as practiced today was born and grew to maturity in England. The first mention of the sport in England was recorded in 1154, when practice fields were first established in London. The sport was banned by King Edward III in the 1300s but revived a century later by Henry VIII, reputed to be an accomplished hammer thrower.
Modern development
The development of the modern sport, however, has come only since the early 19th century. Organized amateur footraces were held in England as early as 1825, but it was from 1860 that athletics enjoyed its biggest surge to that date. In 1861 the West London Rowing Club organized the first meet open to all amateurs, and in 1866 the Amateur Athletic Club (AAC) was founded and conducted the first English championships. The emphasis in all these meets was on competition for “gentlemen amateurs” who received no financial compensation. In 1880 the AAC yielded governing power to the Amateur Athletic Association (AAA).
The first meet in North America was held near Toronto in 1839, but it was the New York Athletic Club, formed in the 1860s, that placed the sport on a solid footing in the United States. The club held the world's first indoor meet and helped promote the formation in 1879 of the National Association of Amateur Athletes of America (NAAAA) to conduct national championships. Nine years later the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) took over as national governing body, amid reports that the NAAAA was lax in enforcing amateurism.
Athletics was well established in many countries by the late 1800s, but notuntil the revival of the Olympic Games in 1896 did the sport become truly international. Although begun modestly, the Olympics provided the inspiration and standardizing influence that was to spread interest in athletics worldwide. In 1912 the International Amateur Athletic Federation (IAAF) was founded, and by the time that organization celebrated its 75th anniversary in 1987 it had more than 170 national members. Its rules applied only to men's competition until 1936, when the IAAF also became the governing body of women's athletics.
Major international competitions before World War II included the Olympics, the British Empire Games, and the European Championships, but after the war athletics experienced its greatest period of growth, taking root especially in the developing countries. By the 1950s world-class athletes from African, Asian, and Latin American nations were enjoying great success at international meets.
Organization and tournaments
Top-level competition in athletics is still restricted to the amateur athlete, although the definition of “amateur” continues to evolve. The IAAF over time has reduced its definition of an amateur athlete to the simplest possible terms: “An amateur is one who abides by the eligibility rules of the IAAF” is the complete rule, allowing for change whenever the federation alters any of its other rules.
Until the 1980s the IAAF attempted to keep its athletes from benefiting financially from the sport. This was always a struggle, however, as star athletes and eager meet promoters managed to circumvent the rules. So did entire nations: eastern European countries provided government aid to athletes, other countries encouraged military personnel to concentrate on track-and-field training, and U.S. athletes received college scholarships in return for their skills.
Financial aid was made acceptable in the 1980s through the use of trust funds. Athletes were permitted to accept payment for appearing in competition, for performing well, for appearing in television commercials, or for other sport-related activities. The money was placed in trust; training expenses could be charged to the fund, with the remaining funds, if any, going to the athlete on retirement from competition. Some athletes were reported to have made several hundred thousand dollars a year under the new system.
The primary functions of the IAAF are to maintain a set of rules that are uniform throughout the world, to approve world records for outdoor and indoor competition, and to promote international athletics. While continuing to administer athletics competition in the Olympic Games, the IAAF began its own quadrennial World Championships in 1983, established World Cup competitions, and established walking, cross-country, marathon and other road races, indoor track and field, and junior competitions.
Each IAAF member nation has its own set of rules and maintains its own set of records in line with international guidelines. The amateur athletic federations of individual countries conduct their own national championships.
In the United States, for example, The Athletic Congress (TAC) alone has the power to select international teams (except for the Olympic team, which is under the jurisdiction of the United States Olympic Committee), toestablish rules, and to accept or reject records. It also conducts the national championships and other competitions. Meets in which participation is restricted to college or university athletes usually are governed by the rules of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), or one of two junior (two-year) college groups. Most secondary schools in the United States come under the aegis of the National Federation of State High School Athletic Associations.
The details of the conduct of athletics competitions vary with the location and the level and type of meet. To a great degree the basic sport has been standardized by the rules of the IAAF. Outdoor track events take place on the 400-metre (about 440-yard) oval running track. Track compositions differ greatly. Once almost all tracks were of natural materials (dirt, clay, cinders, and crushed brick being the most common), but all major competition tracks now are made of synthetic materials. The synthetic track provides more consistent and faster footing in all weather conditions. Field event performers also benefit from improved footing; jumpers and javelin throwers perform on the same materials used for synthetic tracks, while the throwers of the shot, discus, and hammer work in circles made of concrete.
Indoor track meets adapt themselves to widely varying and often limiting conditions. Tracks range in size generally from 150 to 200 metres or 160 to 220 yards and have synthetic surfaces over wood. Some tracks have banked curves, others are unbanked. Cross-country running utilizes any terrain that is available—parks, golf courses, farmland. The prescribed IAAF distance in international races for men is approximately 12,000 metres (7.5 miles) and for women 4,000 metres (2.5 miles). Road events include walking, marathon, and other road runs of widely varying distances.
Meets
Equipment
Every event has items of equipment that are essential to the conduct of the event. All athletes, for example, require shoes that give traction and protection with minimum weight. Other items of equipment include the starting blocks used by sprinters and hurdlers, hurdles, vaulting poles, and the implements employed in the various throwing events.
Timing and measurements
Exacting timing and measurement of performances are a vital part of athletics, not only to determine winners at the meet in question but also to provide marks that can be compared for record purposes. Fully automatic timing, using photography, is required for world records and all major competitions. Timing, once done in fifths of a second and then in tenths, now is done in hundredths of a second. By rule, an aiding wind of more than 2 meters per second (4.473 miles per hour) nullifies a record time in distances up to 200 meters. Metric measurements are required for both track and field events, even in the United States. The only English-measure distance that remains popular is the one-mile run. With the 1987 inauguration of the World Indoor Championships, the IAAF began accepting indoor records.
Presentation
Athletics meets differ greatly in presentation. The typical school, university,or club meet is of one-day duration. Conference meets generally last two days, while national championships require three to four days to accommodate large numbers of athletes. The Olympic Games and world championships are scheduled for eight days of athletics competition.
All track events begin with the firing of a gun. In races of one lap or less the runners remain in their marked lanes for the entire distance. In longer events the runners may ignore the lane markers and run as close to the inside edge of the track as is prudent. The runner whose torso reaches the winning line first is the winner.
Field events have two types of qualifying competitions. In the smaller meets all participants are allowed three attempts, with the top six to nine athletes getting three more. In the larger meets there is a qualifying round from which about 12 athletes advance to the finals, at which stage the remaining competition proceeds in the same manner as in the smaller meets. The exceptions in field event competition are the vertical jumps—the high jump and pole vault. Jumpers are given three tries at each height; three consecutive misses cause elimination.
Although athletics is basically an individual sport, team scoring is sometimes important. Dual meets are always scored, but there are no official scores for multi-team international meets, such as the Olympic Games. Conference and national meets among universities also are scored officially. The points allotted to individual events and places vary from meet to meet. A national competition may award 10 points for first place, 8 for second, and so on. Similarly, an international dual meet awards 5 points for first place, 3 for second, 2 for third, and 1 for fourth. The team with the highest point total wins the meet. Cross-country meets always are scored, with the winner getting 1 point, second place 2 points, etc., the low score winning.
Runners have a chance to compete year-round. The indoor season lasts from January through March; the outdoor competition lasts until June for schools and colleges, with the higher-level individual competitors participating in track through September. In the United States autumn is given over to cross-country running. International cross-country is held in winter.
Conflicts and controversies
Athletics, occupying center stage at all international games, generates its share of conflicts. Until the IAAF's trust-fund system there was continual concern about athletes earning money by violating rules. From about 1970the question of drug usage has been a major issue. Athletes are forbidden to use a number of drugs that are said to improve performance. Testing for such use is required at the major meets, and, while the great majority of athletes tested are found to be free of banned drugs, each year a small number of athletes are found guilty of violating the drug rule and are suspended from competition, usually for 18 months. Most frequently the violators have used anabolic steroids in an attempt to increase muscle size and strength.
Events
As many as 25 events may make up a men's meet; women compete in a few less. The men's track events at championship meets generally include the 100-, 200-, 400-, 800-, 1,500-, 5,000-, and 10,000-meter runs; the 3,000-meter steeplechase; the 110- and 400-meter hurdles; and the 400- and 1,500-meter relays. The field events usually include the high jump, pole vault, long jump, triple jump, shot put, discus throw, hammer throw, and javelin throw. The decathlon, combining 10 track-and-field events, is also featured. Women run much the same schedule, with 100-meter instead of 110-meter hurdles, but do not compete in the steeplechase, pole vault, or hammer throw. They compete in the heptathlon (seven events) rather than the decathlon, and both men and women run the marathon. Women walk up to 10,000 meters and men up to 50,000 meters.
Running
The sprints
The relatively short sprint distances, ranging up to 400 meters, require a sustained top speed. Originally all sprinters started from a standing position, but in the 1880s the crouch start was invented, and it became a rule that sprinters must start with both feet and both hands on the track. The introduction of the adjustable starting block aided the quick start, critical in the sprints.
The current record holder at 100 meters generally is considered to be “the fastest human.” Holding that title have been such champions as Eddie Tolan, Jesse Owens, Bobby Morrow, Bob Hayes, and Carl Lewis (all of the United States), Valeriy Borzov (U.S.S.R.), Linford Christie (U.K.), and Donovan Bailey (Canada). Maurice Greene of the United States set a record time of 9.79 seconds at a 1999 meet in Athens, Greece. Outstanding women sprint champions have included Fanny Blankers-Koen (The Netherlands), who won four gold medals in the 1948 Olympics, Wilma Rudolph (U.S.), who won three in 1960, Marita Koch (East Germany), who was a winner at all three sprint distances, and Florence Griffith Joyner (U.S.), who set world records at 100 and 200 meters in 1988.
The 400 meters is run in lanes all the way; distance is equalized by a staggered start, the sprinters being spaced progressively farther up the track based on the distance their lane is from the inside edge. Outstanding in this event were Lee Evans (U.S.), whose 43.86-second mark remained the world record 20 years after he set it in 1968, Alberto Juantorena (Cuba), whose 44.26-second time in the 1976 Olympics was the fastest without the aid of high altitude, and Michael Johnson (U.S.), whose world record time of 43.18 seconds was set at the 1999 World Championships in Seville, Spain. Jarmila Kratochvilova (Czechoslovakia) won a rare double victory in the women's 400- and 800-meter events at the1983 World Championships.
Middle-distance running
The longer the race, the more endurance is needed. The middle-distance events, in this discussion, range from 800 to 2,000 metres. Some authorities regard the 3,000-metre race as middle-distance.
Middle-distance runners usually are able to perform well at either the shorter or the longer distances. Racing tactics, including pacing, are moreimportant at these than at any other distances. Even though it is no longer a championship event, the mile is still a glamour event. The first athlete to run a mile in less than four minutes—Roger Bannister of England in 1954—captured world attention. A “sub-four” is still a notable time, even though it is now routinely accomplished by the world's top runners. Other great middle-distance runners include Paavo Nurmi (Finland), who won both the 1,500 (the metric “mile”) and 5,000 metres on the same day in the 1924 Olympics, Sebastian Coe (U.K.), who won two Olympic gold medals at 1,500 metres and two silver at 800 metres, Noureddine Morceli (Algeria), who won two world championships and an Olympic gold medal in the 1,500 metres, and Hicham El Guerrouj (Morocco), who set outdoor and indoor world records in the 1,500 metres and the mile. Two Soviet women created memorable middle-distance records. Tatyana Kazankina won five world records, while Lyudmila Bragina established eight. Mary Decker Slaney (U.S.) also won consistently at the middle distances.
Long-distance running
There is some difference of opinion over the dividing line between middle-distance and long-distance runs. The long-distance events considered here are those ranging from 3,000 meters upward; they include the marathon, steeplechase, cross-country, and road runs. The marathon is the longest event for which the IAAF keeps records. Speed becomes an even less important factor in the longer runs, pace and endurance correspondingly more so. The longer the run, the less likely the burst of speed known as the “finishing kick” at the end of the race.
Runners may also overlap the long- and middle-distance events. Nurmi, Gunder Hägg (Sweden), and Said Aouita (Morocco) all set world records at both 1,500 and 5,000 meters. Nurmi won at all distances longer than 1,000 meters except the marathon. Distance runners provide the most prolific record setters, including Nurmi, Ron Clarke (Australia), Kip Keino (Kenya), Haile Gebrselassie (Ethiopia), and Emil Zátopek (Czechoslovakia), the last of whom performed the remarkable feat of winning the marathon and the 5,000- and 10,000-meter races at the 1952 Olympic Games. The longer races for women have been slow to develop, but a number of runners have been able to compete at various distances, including Ingrid Kristiansen (Norway).
The steeplechase combines long-distance running with hurdling, each runner being required to clear seven water jumps and 28 hurdles in a 3,000-meter course. Although hurdling is an important aspect of the event,by far the greatest need is the ability to run the distance. Steeplechase competitors are often specialists, but there are examples of fine distance runners who have successfully overcome more experienced hurdlers. Henry Rono (Kenya), one of the most successful at the steeplechase, also held world records at 3,000, 5,000, and 10,000 meters.
The marathon was a key event at the first modern Olympic Games in 1896, and it has become a major attraction of the Olympics and other international contests. The race originally commemorated the feat of a Greek soldier who in 490 BC supposedly ran from Marathon to Athens to bring news of the Greek victory over the Persians. At 26.22 miles (42,186 meters) the marathon is the longest race of the track meet. Hannes Kolehmainen (Finland) and Zátopek are two of the more memorable marathoners.
Hurdling
The hurdling events combine sprinting with negotiating a series of obstacles called hurdles. Men run the 110-metre high hurdles over 10 barriers 106.7 cm (42 inches) high and 9.14 metres (10 yards) apart. The 400-metre intermediate hurdles also covers 10 hurdles, but 91.4 cm (36 inches) in height and 35 metres (38.29 yards) apart. Women now run both the 100-metre high and 400-metre hurdles. A hurdler may knock down any number of hurdles but is disqualified if he runs out of his lane or uses his hands to knock over hurdles. The object is to make the hurdling action smooth and rhythmic so as not to disrupt forward progress.
High hurdlers need excellent speed, most champions also being good sprinters. An outstanding example is Harrison Dillard (U.S.), who won the 100-metre flat race in the 1948 Olympics and the high hurdles in the 1952 Games. Intermediate hurdlers also combine speed with hurdling ability. Glenn Davis (U.S.), who won both the 1956 and 1960 Olympics, was a world-record breaker on the flat as well as over the hurdles. Edwin Moses (U.S.) virtually revolutionized the event with his unusual 13-stride (between hurdles) technique. He also won two Olympics and achieved a winning streak lasting nearly 10 years.
Relays
The relays involve four runners per team, each member carrying a baton for 25 percent of the total distance before passing it to the next team runner. Two events, the 4 × 100- and 4 × 400-metre relays, are standard. They are included both in low-level dual meets and in the Olympic Games and the IAAF World Championships. Speed is essential in both events, and the ability to pass the baton well is especially crucial in the shorter event, where each runner covers 100 metres. Exchanging the baton while running about 25 miles per hour brings to the event a quality of suspense. Many races have been won or lost by the quality of baton passing. Other relay events—the 4 × 200-, 4 × 800-, and 4 × 1,500-metres—are run much less frequently.
Walking
This event, also called race walking, is relatively minor. Aside from the Olympic and other multinational competitions, it is seldom a part of track meets. Olympic competition is over 20,000 and 50,000 metres, while other distances are used in individual competitions.
Jumping
Men and women compete in four jumping events: the high jump, long jump, triple jump, and pole vault.
The high jump
There is one basic rule for high jumping: the jumper must leave the ground from one foot, not two. The object is to clear a thin bar perched atop two standards, and the jumper remains in the competition as long as he does not have three consecutive misses. Jumpers may enter the competition at any height above the minimum height and are allowed to pass any height as the bar is raised to new levels. Inflated or foam-rubber landing pits have replaced dirt and sawdust pits. The modern pits are of value because jumpers often land on the back of the shoulders and neck.
Jumping styles evolved in the 20th century with techniques called the scissors, eastern cut-off, western roll, and straddle (or belly roll) preceding the Fosbury flop. Named for its inventor, Dick Fosbury (U.S.), the 1968 Olympic champion, the flop involves an approach from almost straight ahead, then twisting on takeoff and going over headfirst with the back to the bar. Charles Dumas (U.S.), a notable example of the straddle jumpers, in 1956 became the first man to clear 7 feet (2.13 metres). Valeriy Brumel (U.S.S.R.) held the high-jump record for 10 years using the straddle jump. A woman jumper, Iolanda Balas (Romania), achieved remarkable feats in the event, establishing 13 world records and a winning streak of 140 meets.
The pole vault
Pole-vaulting is conducted along the lines of the high jump; i.e., vaulters attempt to vault over a crossbar placed on uprights, they have three tries at each height, and they land in an inflated or composition pit.
The vaulter runs down a runway for about 45 metres (150 feet) carrying a pole. After planting the end of the pole in a box that is sunk below ground level, the vaulter leaves the ground and pulls himself upward until he is almost doing a handstand on the pole. He twists as he nears the crossbar and arches over it feet first and face down.
The first poles, of solid ash, cedar, or hickory, were heavy and cumbersome. Once the bamboo pole was introduced in 1904, it was quickly adopted. Records set with bamboo lasted until 1957, when records were set with an aluminum pole and a steel pole; these were followed by the fiberglass pole in the 1960s.
The dominant vaulter of the bamboo era was Cornelius Warmerdam (U.S.), who scored six world records; he was the first vaulter to go over 15 feet (4.6 metres), and he set a record of 15 feet 7.75 inches that lasted for 15 years. The constant improvement of fiberglass poles helped vaulters such as Sergey Bubka (Ukraine) push the record over 20 feet in the 1990s.In the 1990s the IAAF added women's pole vault to the competition roster, and Stacy Dragila (U.S.) became the event's first women's world and Olympic champion.
The long jump
Long jumping, formerly called broad jumping, is the least complicated of the field events. Speed is the most essential ingredient for a successful jump. Jumpers make their approach down the runway at nearly top speed,plant a foot on the takeoff board, and leap into the air. A legal jump requires that no part of the forward foot extend beyond the board. The most popular long-jumping style is called the “hitch-kick,” in which the runner seemingly walks in air.
Three distinct landmarks stand out in the history of long jumping. The first of these was the achievement of Jesse Owens (U.S.), who on May 25, 1935, jumped 8.13 metres (26 feet 8.25 inches), a record that endured for 25 years. The second was Bob Beamon's (U.S.) leap of 8.90 metres (29 feet 2.5 inches), a jump that exceeded the old world record by 55 cm (21.5 inches). The third feat came in1991, when Mike Powell (U.S.) broke Beamon's 23-year record with a jump of 8.95 metres (29 feet 4.5 inches).
Notable among the women jumpers are Heike Drechsler (Germany) and Jackie Joyner-Kersee (U.S.), both of whom leaped over 7 metres (23 feet).
The triple jump
Once known as the hop, step, and jump, the triple jump includes three distinct segments of action. The jumper comes down the runway and bounds off a takeoff board, similar in style to but a little slower than long jumpers. The first segment involves the jumper executing a hop by landing on the same foot from which he took off. Then he takes a step, landing on the other foot, and concludes with a jump into the sand pit.
Among the outstanding competitors, Adhemar da Silva (Brazil) won two Olympics and set five world records; Jozef Schmidt (Poland), also a two-time Olympic champion, set a record in 1960 of 17.03 metres (55 feet 10.5 inches) and was the first to go over the 17-metre barrier; and Viktor Saneyev (U.S.S.R.) had three world records and three Olympic wins and one second place. Women began competing in the triple jump in the mid-1980s.
Throwing
The four standard throwing events—shot, discus, hammer, and javelin—all involve the use of implements of various weights and shapes that are hurled for distance.
The shot put
The putting action is best described as shoving the shot, because the rules require that the arm may not extend behind the shoulders during the putting action. The spherical shot is made of metal. The men's shot weighs 7.26 kg (16 pounds) and is 110–130 mm (4.3–5.1 inches) in diameter. Women put a 4-kg (8.82-pound) shot that is 95–110 mm (3.7–4.3 inches) in diameter.
The putter must launch the shot from within a ring 2.135 metres (7 feet) in diameter and so must gather momentum for the put by a rapid twisting movement. Shot-putters are among the largest athletes in track and field, the most massive ranging from 250 to 300 pounds (113 to 136 kg). Beginning in the 1950s, weight training became a major part of a shot-putter's training program. In that same period the O'Brien style of putting was popularized, with outstanding results. Developed by Parry O'Brien (U.S.), the style involved a 180-degree turn (rather than the usual 90-degree turn) across the ring, getting more speed and momentum into the action. O'Brien was the best exponent of the style, winning three Olympic medals (two gold) and raising the record from 17.95 metres (58 feet 10.75 inches) to 19.30 metres (63 feet 4 inches).
Some athletes have turned to a style in which the putter spins one and a half turns before releasing the shot, a technique developed by Brian Oldfield (U.S.).
The discus throw
Discus throwing is considered by many the classic event of athletics, the Greek poet Homer having made references to discus throwing in the 8th century BC. Modern male athletes throw a 2-kg (4.4-pound) plate like implement from a 2.5-metre (8.2-foot) circle. The discus is launched after the thrower, starting at the back of the circle, has completed one and a half turns. The women's discus weighs 1 kg (2.2 pounds).
Legendary among discus throwers are the feats of Al Oerter (U.S.), the first to throw over 200 feet (61 metres). He won an Olympic gold medal at the 1956 Games as a 20-year-old and at each of the following three Games as well. He also set four world records. A standout among women throwers was Faina Melnik (U.S.S.R.), who set 11 world records.
The hammer throw
The implement used in the hammer throw is not a conventional hammer but a metal ball at least 110 mm (4.3 inches) in diameter attached to a wire, the whole implement being a minimum of 1,175 mm (46.3 inches) inlength and weighing a minimum of 7.2 kg (16 pounds). The handle at the end of the wire opposite from the ball is gripped by the thrower and released after three or four body turns have developed maximum centrifugal force. The throwing circle is slightly smaller than that of the discus. Women's hammer throw was introduced into international competition in the 1990s. The hammer used by women is slightly shorter and weighs a minimum of 4 kg (8.8 pounds).
American athletes of Irish birth or descent totally dominated the event from the 1890s to the 1930s and included John Flanagan, who unofficially set 17 world records and won three Olympic gold medals (1900, 1904, and 1908). After the passing of the Irish dynasty, the power shifted to the eastern Europeans. Among them was Yury Sedykh (U.S.S.R.), who won at the 1976 and 1980 Olympics and raised the record from 80.32 metres (24.5 feet) to 86.74 metres (26.4 feet).
The javelin throw
Javelin throwing involves a spearlike implement that is hurled with an over-the-shoulder motion at the end of an approach run. It is a direct descendant of spear-throwing contests, introduced in the Olympics of 708BC. The men's javelin weighs about 800 grams (1.8 pounds) and must be at least 260 cm (8.5 feet) long. The women throw a javelin that must weigh at least 600 grams (1.3 pounds) and be at least 220 cm (7.2 feet) long. It isthe only throwing event not using a circle. The javelin is not required to stick but must land point-first for a valid throw.
Throwers from Finland have historically been a force in the event. Matti Järvinen, a Finn, established 10 world records and improved the record by6.22 metres, finally reaching 77.23 metres (253 feet 4.5 inches) in 1936. As records continued to be broken, there was less and less space within the stadium to throw the javelin safely. Terje Pedersen (Norway) broke the300-foot (91.44-metre) barrier in 1964, and by 1984 Uwe Hohn (East Germany) had thrown a prodigious 104.80 metres (343.8 feet), a throw so great that it influenced a change in the design of the javelin to keep it withinthe safe confines of the field. Beginning in 1985, throwers used a javelin that, at the same weight, was designed to reduce the length of the throw by9 to 12 metres (30 to 40 feet). The design of the women's javelin was changed after successive world records pushed close to 80 metres (262.5 feet) in the late 1980s.
Decathlon and heptathlon
Both men and women participate in multi-event competitions, the men in the 10-event decathlon and the women in the 7-event heptathlon, which superseded the earlier pentathlon. The competitions, which require a two-day schedule, are held basically at international meets and national championships. In the United States they also are scheduled in many college conference championships.
Each athlete is given points for performance in each event, with more points awarded for better marks. The athlete with the most total points wins.
Men compete in five events each day, doing consecutively the 100 metres, long jump, shot put, high jump, and 400 metres on the first day and the 110-metre hurdles, discus throw, pole vault, javelin throw, and 1,500-metre run in that order on the second day. Women do, in order, the 100-metre hurdles, high jump, shot put, and 200 metres on the first day, followed by the long jump, javelin throw, and 800 metres on the second day.
Jim Thorpe, the great all-around American athlete, won the first decathlon,taking the 1912 Olympic Games contest, and for many years it was mostly an American event. Bob Mathias (U.S.) won his first decathlon at age 17 in 1948 and repeated it four years later. Another two-time winner was Daley Thompson of England, victorious in 1980 and 1984. Notable in the heptathlon was Jackie Joyner-Kersee, a record setter and winner at the 1987 World Championships and 1988 Olympics.
Decathlon and heptathlon
Both men and women participate in multi-event competitions, the men in the 10-event decathlon and the women in the 7-event heptathlon, which superseded the earlier pentathlon. The competitions, which require a two-day schedule, are held basically at international meets and national championships. In the United States they also are scheduled in many college conference championships.
Each athlete is given points for performance in each event, with more points awarded for better marks. The athlete with the most total points wins.
Men compete in five events each day, doing consecutively the 100 metres, long jump, shot put, high jump, and 400 metres on the first day and the 110-metre hurdles, discus throw, pole vault, javelin throw, and 1,500-metre run in that order on the second day. Women do, in order, the 100-metre hurdles, high jump, shot put, and 200 metres on the first day, followed by the long jump, javelin throw, and 800 metres on the second day.
Jim Thorpe, the great all-around American athlete, won the first decathlon,taking the 1912 Olympic Games contest, and for many years it was mostly an American event. Bob Mathias (U.S.) won his first decathlon at age 17 in 1948 and repeated it four years later. Another two-time winner was Daley Thompson of England, victorious in 1980 and 1984. Notable in the heptathlon was Jackie Joyner-Kersee, a record setter and winner at the 1987 World Championships and 1988 Olympics.
This symbol,which was feared and hated as the emblem of the Nazi Party from 1920 to 1945,is a very ancient one.Originally it was a sign of good luck.The name swastika comes from the Sanskrit,and means 'well being'.It has been found on European pottery of New Stone Age, in the Minoan ruins of Crete,and in the ruins of Troy.It was common in India and was taken by Buddhists from there to China and Japan.The swastika is also found among the ancient cultures of North and South America.The usual form was with the arms pointing anticlockwise;the Nazis had the arms pointing the other way, and the symbol standing on one corner.
equilateral cross with arms bent at right angles, all in the same rotary direction, usually clockwise. The swastika as a symbol of prosperity and good fortune is widely distributed throughout the ancient and modern world. The word is derived from the Sanskrit swastika, meaning “conducive to well-being.” It was a favorite symbol on ancient Mesopotamian coinage. In Scandinavia the left-hand swastika was the sign for the god Thor's hammer. The swastika also appeared in early Christian and Byzantine art (where it became known as the gammadion cross, or crux gammata, because it could be constructed from four Greek gammas [ Γ ] attached to a common base), and it occurred in South and Central America (among the Maya) and in North America (principally among the Navajo).
In India the swastika continues to be the most widely used auspicious symbol of Hindus, Jainas, and Buddhists. Among the Jainas it is the emblem of their seventh Tirthankara (saint) and is also said to remind the worshiper by its four arms of the four possible places of rebirth—in the animal or plant world, in hell, on Earth, or in the spirit world.
The Hindus (and also Jainas) use the swastika to mark the opening pages of their account books, thresholds, doors, and offerings. A clear distinction is made between the right-hand swastika, which moves in a clockwise direction, and the left-hand swastika (more correctly called the sauvastika), which moves in a counterclockwise direction. The right-hand swastika is considered a solar symbol and imitates in the rotation of its arms the course taken daily by the Sun, which in the Northern Hemisphere appears to pass from east, then south, to west. The left-hand swastika more often stands for night, the terrifying goddess Kali, and magical practices.
In the Buddhist tradition the swastika symbolizes the feet, or the footprints, of the Buddha. It is often placed at the beginning and end of inscriptions, and modern Tibetan Buddhists use it as a clothing decoration. With the spread of Buddhism, the swastika passed into the iconography of China and Japan, where it has been used to denote plurality, abundance, prosperity, and long life.
In Nazi Germany the swastika (German: Hakenkreuz), with its oblique arms turned clockwise, became the national symbol. In 1910 a poet and nationalist ideologist Guido von List had suggested the swastika as a symbol for all anti-Semitic organizations; and when the National Socialist Party was formed in 1919–20, it adopted it. On Sept. 15, 1935, the black swastika on a white circle with a red background became the national flag of Germany. This use of the swastika ended in World War II with the German surrender in May 1945, though the swastika is still favored by neo-Nazi groups.
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a. A hollow cylinder or tube used to conduct a liquid, gas, or finely divided solid.
b. A section or piece of such a tube.
2.
a. A device for smoking, consisting of a tube of wood, clay, or other material with a small bowl at one end.
b. An amount of smoking material, such as tobacco, needed to fill the bowl of a pipe; a pipeful.
3. Informal
a. A tubular part or organ of the body.
b. pipes The passages of the human respiratory system.
4. Abbr. p.
a. A wine cask having a capacity of 126 gallons or 2 hogsheads (478 liters).
b. This volume as a unit of liquid measure.
5. Music
a. A tubular wind instrument, such as a flute.
b. Any of the tubes in an organ.
c. pipes A small wind instrument, consisting of tubes of different lengths bound together.
d. pipes A bagpipe.
6. pipes Informal The vocal cords; the voice, especially as used in singing.
7. A birdcall.
8. Nautical A whistle used for signaling crew members: a boatswain's pipe.
9. Geology
a. A vertical cylindrical vein of ore.
b. One of the vertical veins of eruptive origin in which diamonds are found in South Africa.
10. Geology An eruptive passageway opening into the crater of a volcano.
11. Metallurgy A cone-shaped cavity in a steel ingot, formed during cooling by escaping gases.
v. piped, pip·ing, pipes
v.tr.
1.
a. To convey (liquid or gas) by means of pipes.
b. To convey as if by pipes, especially to transmit by wire or cable: piped music into the store.
2. To provide with pipes or connect with pipes.
3.
a. To play (a tune) on a pipe or pipes.
b. To lead by playing on pipes.
4. Nautical
a. To signal (crew members) with a boatswain's pipe.
b. To receive aboard or mark the departure of by sounding a boatswain's pipe.
5. To utter in a shrill reedy tone.
6. To furnish (a garment or fabric) with piping.
7. To force through a pastry tube, as frosting onto a cake.
8. Slang To take a look at; notice.
v.intr.
1. To play on a pipe.
2. To speak shrilly; make a shrill sound.
3. To chirp or whistle, as a bird does.
4. Nautical To signal the crew with a boatswain's pipe.
5. Metallurgy To develop conical cavities during solidification.
Phrasal Verbs:
pipe down Slang
To stop talking; be quiet.
pipe up
To speak up.
Impanel
Pronunciation[im-pan-l]
is a verb (used with object), -eled, -el·ing or (especially British) -elled, -el·ling.
1. to enter on a panel or list for jury duty.
2. to select (a jury) from the panel.
3. to enter names on a panel or other official list.
Also, empanel.
impanelment[noun]
Discovery Science Center is a science museum in Santa Ana, California, with more than 100 hands-on science exhibits designed to spark children's natural curiosity.It has become a visual landmark due to its ten-story solar array cube that stands over Interstate 5.
Exhibits
The center is divided into several themed areas: Discovery Stadium, Techno Arts, Air & Space, Perception, Dynamic Earth, Quake Zone, the Digital Lab and KidStation. Dino Quest is Discovery Science Center's newest exhibit. It opened in the summer of 2006 and includes life-size dinosaurs, an interactive electronic quest and an online game.
History
In 1984, the Boards of the Exploratory Learning Center and the Experience Center joined to form the Discovery Museum of Orange County with the dual goals of teaching children what life was like in Orange County in the 1900s and creating a world-class science center. A funding feasibility study in 1989 indicated that county leaders would support the project. The 59,000-square-foot (5,500 m²) facility was opened on December 17, 1998.
New 4-D Experience Comes to Discovery Science Center
Fog and Wind Effects Make 4-D experience memorable
After extensive remodeling, Discovery Science Center has re-opened Discovery Theater as a 4-D Movie experience! The renovated theater opened Oct. 12, showing the Dinosaurs the Giants of Patagonia. This unique 130-seat theater uses leading-edge technology systems with enhancements to gain a full-sensory experience.
Quake Zone
Exciting exhibits in Quake Zone include:
* The Shake Shack
* Video Seismograph
* Dr. Lucy Jones Kiosk
* Earthquake Myths and More!
Inside the Shake Shack:We can experience the historic earthquakes, such as the 6.4 1933 Long Beach earthquake. The Quake Zone at Discovery Science Center helps to learn about earthquakes in a fun way
What causes earthquakes? An earthquake causes energy to travel through the Earth in seismic waves. The waves are caused by shifts in the Earth's crust (upper layer) and sometimes volcanoes.We often can't feel this energy because the amount is so small. Sometimes it's so great that it destroys buildings or fractures the Earth's surface.
Video Seismograph -We are able to make tremors and watch the seismograph record them.
Lucy Jones Kiosk - We can discover the scientific contributions of seismologist Lucy Jones.
Shake Table and Liquifaction - Helps to learn more about amplitude and frequency, and see how earthquakes affect buildings.
At Common Earthquake Myths kiosk we can discover the truths behind "Earthquake Weather," the safest place to be during an earthquake, and the possibility of "oceanfront property in Arizona."
Dynamic Earth
Exciting exhibits in Dynamic Earth include:
Wave Tank
Stream Table
Cloud Rings
Climbing Wall
Hurricane
Tornado
Water Vortex
Viscosity
TryScience Kiosk
EarthBrowser
Fieldtrip to the Rainforest
Most of the time, the changes happen so gradually that they are almost impossible to detect, even over the course of a lifetime. The mountains in our area grow a little every year as the plates in the Earth’s crust force them upwards. At the same time, these mountains are worn down by the effects of rain, wind and other forces. Scientists must use sensitive instruments to record changes like these.
On the other hand, the surface of the earth can change dramatically in just a few minutes. Earthquakes create instant chasms and cliffs. Heavy rainfall causes landslides that destroy homes and block highways.
In the Dynamic Earth Gallery, YOU command the forces of nature as you explore ways the Earth changes. Make clouds, climb a mountain wall,walk through a tornado,and more!
Perception
Exciting exhibits in Perception include:
Bed of Nails
Pin Wall
Kalliroscope by Paul Matisse, 1997
Recollections
and more!
The human perception area is the first area you will see once inside the Science Center.
Perception exhibits challenge visitors to experience science firsthand, affirm their natural curiosity and promote a self-guided sensory exploration. The exhibits provide a safe danger, where guests quickly learn that they are allowed and encouraged to touch and experiment without being harmed, and where there are no rights or wrongs.
Perception is the first step of science. Human perception is how we process the information gathered through our senses - how something looks, sounds, smells, tastes and feels.
We can explore the information that our senses provide. Experiment with an exhibit and ask yourself if the experiment came out the way you expected or if you were surprised.
Lie on a bed of nails, figure out how to use a bowling ball to launch a tennis ball into the air, leave your mark on the pin wall, and more!
Space Shuttle Replica
Take your cameras and take pictures next to this full size mock up of the space shuttle. The space shuttle has carried explorers such as John Glenn and Sally Ride into space for their missions.
Did You Know??
* The longest the Shuttle has stayed in orbit on any single mission is 17.5 days on mission STS-80 in November 1996.
* The smallest crew ever to fly on the Shuttle numbered two people on the first few missions.
* Shuttle is designed to reach orbits ranging from about 185 kilometers to 643 kilometers (115 statute miles to 400 statute miles) high.
* The Space Shuttle consists of three major components: the Orbiter which houses the crew; a large External Tank that holds fuel for the main engines; and two Solid Rocket Boosters which provide most of the Shuttle's lift during the first two minutes of flight. All of the components are reused except for the external fuel tank, which burns up in the atmosphere after each launch.
* The Space Shuttle Discovery, first launched in 1984, is named for two famous sailing ships commanded by Henry Hudson and James Cook.
Kidstation
Why is the sky blue? What causes waves in the ocean? The questions asked by children today are the same ones that confronted the greatest scientists of the past. Our Kidstation rewards a child’s natural inquisitiveness.
In KidStation, children aged five and younger will find safe activities that stimulate the imagination.
KidStation’s nautical elements include a larger-than-life treasure chest, underwater green screen activity area and, of course, a yellow submarine!
Children may get submerged in role-playing dressed in pirate, mermaid or tropical fish costumes in the green screen activity area. The costumed children become active participants in an underwater movie as footage plays on screens for parents to see. Playing dress up, while inherently amusing, also encourages children to communicate with others. This, in turn, increases their vocabulary and helps them practice articulating their ideas.
Young guests may dive into electronic finger painting at the treasure chest, or get their feet wet in early communication techniques at the Sub Com communication station. Children will stretch the bounds of their creativity and imagination as they pretend to be a submarine captain or a deep sea diver communicating to and from the sub.
KidStation activities encourage the development of motor skills, creativity and imagination. They also help young people develop the ability to compare and contrast. Parents may participate in these activities or watch over their children from the side, as the rest of the family enjoys the more than 100 hands-on exhibits throughout the Center.
Beckman Great Scientists Kiosk
Share the experiences of scientists who live and work in Southern California. Dr. Arnold Beckman (chemist/ inventor), Dr. Buzz Aldrin (astronaut), and Dr. Lucile Jones (seismologist) have all made significant contributions to their particular areas of knowledge, and they've built rewarding careers in science.
Beyond learning about discoveries and accomplishments, you'll also find out who these scientists are as people. You'll find that YOU have something in common with them - your curiosity. Your search for knowledge at Discovery Science Center may trigger pursuits similar to others that have led to countless remarkable discoveries.
Digital Lab
Whether you're a computer wiz or you're learning about computers for the first time, the Digital Lab at Discovery Science Center has something for you!
Digital Lab offer a variety of fun classes and summer camps! Topics include Intro to Computers, Word Processing,Web Design, Digital Photography, Videogames.
Discovery Stadium
exhibits in Discovery Stadium include:
* Virtual Volleyball
* X-Ray Investigation
* Skeleton Opener
* Pitching Cage
* Can You Lift Yourself?
* Reaction Time
* Trace a Star
* Hand/Eye Coordination
* Grip Strength
* Balance
* Hand vs. Heart
* Height Checker
Do you love sports? Visit Discovery Stadium and experience the sciences athletes use to compete!
One of the newest areas at Discovery Science Center, Discovery Stadium explores the sciences of sports including sports medicine, human performance, and hand/eye coordination. As a tribute to collegiate and professional athletes, colorful sports team banners line the ceiling, and a cheering crowd of fans (including former science center president, Karen Johnson and family) is depicted in a painted mural. One of the most popular exhibits at the science center, Virtual Volleyball, resides here.
Air and Space
Discover: How do we get something as heavy as an airplane or a rocket into the air? Once we get a plane into the air, how do we control it? Learn the principles of flight and then test yourself in the flight simulator.
Exhibits include:
* Powers of 10
* Fly an Airplan
* Lilienthal Glider
* Bernouli Blower
* Wind Tunnel
Space Next Stop Mars exciting exhibits include:
* Mars Globe
* Aerolian Landscape
* Blast Off to Mars
* Mars Landscape
Did you know:
In 1492, Leonardo de Vinci drew plans for a flying machine. People left the ground in hot air balloons in 1782, but it wasn’t until 1903 that the Wright brothers created an airplane that flew under its own power.
That first flight lasted less than a minute and covered only about 120 feet (approximately 37 meters). Now we routinely launch space probes that travel for millions of miles. How did we get so far so fast?
The Air and Space area focuses on the physical forces and properties involved in flight and space exploration. Here, guests can experiment with scientific principles such as propulsion, drag, lift and gravity. Space exhibits provide information on space exploration and let visitors simulate the type of activities an astronaut performs while in space. This area celebrates the ingenuity, imagination and innovation of Southern California's scientists, aerospace engineers and astronauts and the contributions they have made to the advancement of flight and space exploration.
Dino Quest
* Exhibits are hands-on and interactive walk inside a giant two-story tall Argentinosaurus, manipulate parts of the dinosaur and learn how body systems work and relate to each other.
* See the giant T-Rex, an exact replica of an actual fossil named Stan, and learn all about these fearsome ancient predators that once ruled the Earth.
* Dino Quest is the world’s first interactive, electronic dinosaur exhibit where guests are actually players interacting with the scientists at Dino Quest Headquarters and solving challenges as characters in a video game that has come to life.
* Players become research assistants, complete with research transmitters, and receive challenge quests from the scientists at Dino Quest Headquarters. Players search throughout the exhibit for the answers to the research missions and, using the infrared transmitter, communicate back to the scientists worldwide when they think they have found the answer.
* Dino Quest remembers your progress so that you can return and start from the same level as when you last played the game.
* Solving a series of research missions gives the player the opportunity to go on an Adventure such as capturing a T-Rex that has escaped its cage and is on the loose! Solve the challenges and become a
After a 65-million-year absence from Earth, DINOSAURS have made a grand entrance into Southern California. Dino Quest, the interactive exhibit that includes life-size dinosaurs, an electronic interactive quest and an online dinosaur videogame, opened summer 2006 at Discovery Science Center in Santa Ana.
The permanent exhibit is part of Discovery Science Center’s $7.5-million dollar expansion, the largest in the Science Center’s history. By combining an interactive quest and dinosaurs as life-size models for the heart, digestive system and more, the exhibit provides hands-on education that aligns with the California Science Standards for the K-6 grades.
Boeing Delta III Rocket
A Delta III rocket is now on permanent display at the north end of the Discovery Science Center parking lot. The rocket was donated by The Boeing Company. Pratt and Whitney donated the RL10B-2 cryogenic engine. The rocket, rising 85 feet in its location adjacent to the Interstate Five, represents the contribution made by Southern California companies and individuals toward the conquest of space.
Oily skin is shiny, thick and dull colored. Often a chronically oily skin has coarse pores and pimples and other embarrassing blemishes. It is prone to blackheads. In this type of skin, the oil producing sebaceous glands are overactive and produce more oil than is needed. The oil oozes and gives the skin a greasy shine. The pores are enlarged and the skin has a coarse look.
Causes of Oily Skin
* Heredity
* Diet
* Hormone levels
* Pregnancy
* Birth control pills
* Cosmetics you use
* Humidity and hot weather
Because of the hormonal shifts of adolescence, oily skin is common in teenagers, but it can occur at any age. In general, skin tends to become dryer with age. The flow of sebum or oil increases during adolescence and starts decreasing with age. During pregnancy and menopause, hormonal imbalances can also upset the oil balance and increase the activity of sebaceous glands.
Many people have skin that is oily only in certain areas and dry or normal in others, a condition known as combination skin.
Treatment
use hot water and soap to get rid of oily skin washing with hot, soapy water and a drying soap will help you get rid of your oily skin. Hot water works as a solvent on the excess oils on your skin and a strong soap with drying action will help cleanse away added dirt and grime, as well as dry out the oils. Something as simple as Dial soap will do the job, or you can look for even stronger soaps designed specifically for oil-removal, like Clearasil, Neutrogena, and Cetaphil brands.
Clay masks and mud masks are good treatments for oily skin. Masks absorb the oil from the surface of your skin and leave you feeling refreshed right away. The darker the mask, the more oil it will absorb, and lighter-colored masks are gentler and best for sensitive skin.
natural astringents can get rid of oily skin
Rinse your skin with natural astringents like apple cider vinegar, lemon juice, and witch hazel to reduce oiliness.
get rid oily skin with a healthy diet
A healthy diet can prevent oily skin. Don't eat a lot of greasy and fatty foods; the oils in these foods can eventually work their way out through your skin glands. Look for foods that contain unsaturated fats, which are good for you when eaten in moderation, and balance these with lots of fresh produce and vitamins.
use oil-free products to get rid of oily skin use oil-free skin care products to reduce the oil in your hygiene regimine. After washing your skin use oil-free lotions and moisturizers or sprinkle on some baby (talcum) powder instead. This will keep your skin feeling refreshed and moisturized without leaving behind greasy residue. You can also use an astringent containing acetone to further dry you skin (be careful not to use too much astringent if you have sensitive skin).
oil-free make up gets rid of oily skin choose oil-free make-up to prevent and get rid of your oily skin. Don't use a lot of liquid-based foundation, concealer, blush, or eye-shadow. Choose powder-based products, or products containing acne medication, instead. These will work to dry up excess oil and treat your pores at the same time.
relaxation can help you get rid of oily skin added stress can cause oily skin. Extra stress in your life will strain your body as well, so if you find that your skin is oilier when you're anxious or busy take the time to wind down and relax. The sweat from a good workout will clean out your pores and refresh your skin, as well.
hormone levels can cause oily skin hormone levels affect the oiliness of your skin. Things like birth control pills or hormone regulators can cause an imbalance in the production of oils in your skin. If you think your oily skin could be attributed to any of your medications talk to your doctor about adjusting your dosage, trying an alternative medication, or working with a dermatologist to get rid of your oily skin.
Tips for Make-up for people having oily skin
People who have oily skin, especially in T-zone area, may have some problems in doing make up. The oiliness will fade the foundation because we may keep using tissue papers to dry the oily area. Therefore, some people are so afraid of wearing make up, especially at night time party. However, it's not difficult for us to prevent this problem. Just follow these tips below and you will become more confident at the party.
1. Foundation: To keep the foundation last for the whole night, we should use make up base foundation before applying any foundation. Base foundation is not only help cover some defects but also make the powder stick well on the skin. Also use a brush to apply powder in the T-zone areas such as forehead, nose, chin, etc. Especially, we should use make up products with oil free.
2. Eyes: After applying liquid eyeliner or gel eyeliner, we should cover the eyelid with some powder to absorb oil. If we use eyeliner pencil, avoid using the one with wax because it's very easy to become dirty. For a good result, do not use eyeliner pencil contained wax in summer time. In addition, after applying waterproof mascara, we should use clear mascara on top.
3. Cheeks: Should use gel blush applying at the upper cheekbone areas for long lasting color.
4. Lips: Before using lipstick or lip-gloss, we should use lip-liner to define the lip shapes. Should use the color which matches with our nature lip color.
Generally, doing make up for a party at night does not require to do it dark. The natural beauty will never out-of-date. If you have a smooth skin, you just need to use moisturizer rather than using foundation and use natural colors for eyes, cheeks and lip.
Why do we say that....? Sleep Like A Top
The wooden spinning top is one of the oldest toys,an unlikely source of comparison wit anyone who enjoys a deep sleep.
But the people of medieval times were fascinated by the toy.They noticed that when it spun round fast enough, perfectly balanced on its point,the top appeared not to move.They joked that the top was asleep.As far back 1616, sound sleepers were therefore described as sleeping like a top.
